Power-Law Scaling Relating the Average Charge State and Kinetic Energy in Expanding Laser-Driven Plasmas

A universal power-law scaling ¯z ∝ E0.4 in the correlation between the average ion charge state ¯z and
kinetic energy E in expanding laser-driven tin plasmas is identified. Universality here refers to an
insensitivity to all experimental conditions: target geometry, expansion direction, laser wavelength, and
power density. The power law is accurately captured in an analytical consideration of the dependence of the
charge state on temperature and the subsequent transfer of internal to kinetic energy in the expansion. These
analytical steps are individually, and collectively, validated by a two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic
simulation of an expanding laser-driven plasma. This power-law behavior is expected to hold also for dense
plasma containing heavier, complex ions such as those relevant to current and future laser-driven plasma
light sources.